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The animal remains found in Lujiaoliang were unusual because of their “fragmented” burial, with incomplete bones found scattered throughout the site, according to the paper.

One of the recovered bones even showed “traces of cuts made by humans using stone tools”, which were visibly different from marks made by animals, Wei said.

However, the variety of fossils found – namely teeth – indicated that they “clearly had nothing to do with [hominins] making food”, the paper said.

The varying degrees of damage to the fossils and their scattered burial also indicated that “they were fossils before they accumulated” at the site, and a lack of abrasion from water transport suggested that their discovery at the site could “only be explained by man-made causes”, the paper said.

These discoveries led the scientists to one conclusion: the fossils had been collected elsewhere and moved to this site by the hominins who inhabited the area at the time.

The discovery of stones at the site with marks that appeared to be of an “artificial nature”, including “carefully repaired” stones and flakes, added to the evidence, the paper said.

Gravel discovered at Lujiaoliang also resembled river gravel from the nearby Heitugou site.

The findings suggested that this site was not a hunting camp or place where prey was dismembered, nor was it a living area, the paper said.

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Instead, the scientists speculated that the fossils and gravel were “collected for fun” and carried to Lujiaoliang by hominin children who were brought to the site by their mothers to play.

“Children and teenagers collected exposed large animal bones and tooth fossils from the outcrops of the ancient site and played with them,” the paper said, adding that the gravel may have been collected and brought there for the same reason.

“People at that time were the first to collect ‘dragon bone’ fossils,” Wei said.

The condition of the “beautifully” repaired stone products also suggested they were given as gifts or bribes, evidence of an ancient cultural practice, Wei said.

“This site is a recreational site, a type of site that has not been discovered in the past,” he said.

The Nihewan Basin also has implications for when early humans first left Africa.

The Heitugou site, from where the gravel may have originated, has been dated to 1.9 million years ago, “which shakes the theory that humans walked out of Africa 1.8 million years ago,” Wei said.

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The sites suggest that our ancestors “could not have entered East Asia later than 2 million years ago”, the paper said.

Wei said, however, that previous claims about Nihewan being the birthplace of humans have “no scientific basis”.

Still, around half of the world’s palaeolithic sites discovered so far are in Nihewan, securing its status as an important area for the study of that era, according to Wei.

In particular, the burial conditions at the Lujiaoliang and Heitugou sites have suggested that the possibility of “discovering ape-man fossils here is high”, the authors of the paper said.